{"id":1366,"date":"2017-04-03T19:02:38","date_gmt":"2017-04-03T17:02:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pro-seal.it\/sodium-bentonite-sheets\/approfondimento\/"},"modified":"2020-05-27T18:32:07","modified_gmt":"2020-05-27T16:32:07","slug":"approfondimento","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.pro-seal.tech\/sodium-bentonite-sheets\/approfondimento\/","title":{"rendered":"Further details"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row row_type=&#8221;row_full_center_content&#8221;][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;THE PROBLEM&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h2|text_align:left|color:%2300a6cd&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221;][vc_column_text]The waterproofing of underground structures represents a significant problem in the field of foundation engineering.<br \/>\nThe water can cause the early deterioration of the works both for physical effect, due to the penetration in the support, and for the chemical degradation;\u00a0water in fact normally appears as a saline solution of chemical agents that can interact and affect the cement matrix of the works.<br \/>\nIn any case, the final result is the unforeseen deterioration and damage of the structures, both in terms of static resistance and of functionality of the work. It is therefore a fundamental requirement for underground structures to have a correct waterproofing that ensures, during the entire life of the work, complete compliance with the operating variables.[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=&#8221;1368&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row row_type=&#8221;row_full_center_content&#8221;][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;THE SOLUTION&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h2|text_align:left|color:%2300a6cd&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221;][vc_column_text]A first analysis of the possible solution for the waterproofing of underground structures leads to the distinction between &#8220;passive systems&#8221;, which are limited exclusively to fulfilling the function of barrier, hindering structure\/fluid contact and &#8220;active systems&#8221; capable of interacting with the fluid itself, inhibiting possible infiltration ways even in an advanced state of operation of the work.\u00a0<strong>Bentonite geosynthetic barriers<\/strong>\u00a0belong to this second category.<\/p>\n<p>A bentonite geocomposite can be defined as a hydraulic barrier consisting of a low permeability bentonite layer, supported by geotextiles or geo-membranes, assembled with different principles.<br \/>\nYou can think about the &#8220;bentonite geocomposite&#8221; as a bentonite container;\u00a0bentonite is the waterproofing matrix and containment geotextiles the protective element that gives mechanical resistance to the barrier system.<\/p>\n<p><strong>CLAYTEX<\/strong>: Waterproofing geotextiles based on sodium bentonite.<br \/>\nThe CLAYTEX sheets consists of two permeable geotextiles assembled in such a way as to host, inside them, granular sodium bentonite with a high content of montmorillonite (greater than 95%).[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=&#8221;428&#8243; img_size=&#8221;large&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row row_type=&#8221;row_full_center_content&#8221;][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h2|text_align:left|color:%2300a6cd&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221;][vc_column_text]Water-activated natural sealant, self-sealing;\u00a0porous protective sheets to allow quick hydration;\u00a0continuous and uniform flexible bentonite layer, resistant to biological and environmental attacks;\u00a0does not age over time.[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;APPLICATIONS&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h2|text_align:left|color:%2300a6cd&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221;][vc_column_text]This system allows waterproofing with a high level of underground construction safety.\u00a0After the sheets have been applied to the structures, the filling material (sand) is backfilled and compacted to confine CLAYTEX against the support.\u00a0When the geotextile adheres to the structure and is confined by filling materials, the pressure of the latter prevents the bentonite from fully expanding, causing the formation of a sticky gel, consistent, impermeable to water and self-sealing.\u00a0In the presence of cracks or deformations of the structure protected by CLAYTEX, the residual expansion potential of bentonite means that the latter can expand further, even after years of laying, sealing cracks up to 3 mm.[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;SUPPORT PREPARATION&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h2|text_align:left|color:%2300a6cd&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221;][vc_column_text]The surfaces of the walls must be free of bumps and cavities.\u00a0The holes of the formwork spacers, the rebend connections and gravel nests must be sealed with non-shrinking mortar from the REPAR Line of Azichem srl, or osmotic cements of the OSMOCEM Line of Azichem srl or with composites based on sodium bentonite CLAYGRAIN.[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;GEOTEXTILES INSTALLATION ON HORIZONTAL SURFACES&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h2|text_align:left|color:%2300a6cd&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221;][vc_column_text]In the event that CLAYTEX is applied directly on the ground or below structural slabs, the substrate must be well compact and composed of a fine and homogeneous natural material.\u00a0Otherwise it will be useful, when not essential, a layer of concrete 7-8 cm thick.<br \/>\nThe darker face, should be left facing upwards.<br \/>\nAs the CLAYTEX sheets is laid and nailed onto the concrete substrate, it must be covered with a further layer of concrete 5 &#8211; 6 cm to avoid possible damage caused by sudden rain or by laying the reinforcement of the next slab.[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;GEOTEXTILES INSTALLATION ON VERTICAL SURFACES&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h2|text_align:left|color:%2300a6cd&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221;][vc_column_text]The bentonite sheets must be applied on the vertical surfaces starting from the bottom.<br \/>\nEach CLAYTEX \u201csmall\u201d geotextiles has a size of 1.20 x 5.00 meters and is therefore easily applicable using 5 &#8211; 6 cm masonry steel nails and plastic washers or similar materials suitable for the purpose.\u00a0The darker face, should be left facing outwards.<br \/>\nThe lower row of carpets must be turned up around the base of the foundation and adhere as much as possible to the internal corners, where possible, beforehand rounded, by means of curve cementitious shapes, two-component, osmotic mortar OSMOCEM RD from Azichem srl.<br \/>\nAll adjacent sheets must overlap by at least 5 cm.\u00a0The rows of carpets subsequent to the first must be applied taking care to offset the vertical joints.\u00a0CLAYTEX requires no additional protection.\u00a0If the situation allows it, the filling material (sand) must be appropriately placed against the carpets, in successive layers with a maximum height of cm.\u00a060 &#8211; 80, correctly compacted and possibly moistened.\u00a0If backfilling is not possible immediately, the dark plastic film can provide temporary protection against atmospheric precipitation.<br \/>\nThe CLAYTEX system, easy to apply, requires minimal preparation of the surfaces.\u00a0No background primer is required;\u00a0it can be laid on fresh concrete, even if dirty or dusty;\u00a0no sheets, fabrics or other protective materials are required;\u00a0the incidence of laying is compatible with most drainage systems;\u00a0there are no restrictions regarding the application temperature.[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=&#8221;404&#8243; img_size=&#8221;400&#215;400&#8243; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221;][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;LIMITATIONS AND PRECAUTIONS&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h2|text_align:left|color:%2300a6cd&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221;][vc_column_text]CLAYTEX geotextiles cannot be installed on roofs, tunnels or structural platforms, in the absence of adequate protection covering, represented by at least 20 cm of concrete or 50 cm of soil.<br \/>\nThe bentonite sheets must be protected from rain and water of any origin, for example with polyethylene sheets, until the backfill or contrast material is laid.\u00a0In the event of damage, resulting from abundant atmospheric precipitations occurring before the adoption of the protection means, the damaged and\/or swollen parts must be replaced, to recreate the correct continuity of the waterproofing.<br \/>\nIn the presence of soils with high salt contents, as well as of acids or alkalis, appropriate soil samples must be taken, to be sent to the AZICHEM laboratory for analysis and possible preparation of specific installation instructions for the CLAYTEX geotextiles.<br \/>\nFor the installation on masonry of bricks or cement blocks it is necessary to provide for the preliminary plastering of the contact surfaces, with sand and cement mortars.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row row_type=&#8221;row_full_center_content&#8221;][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;THE PROBLEM&#8221; 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The &#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1260,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Further details - Pro-Seal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.pro-seal.tech\/sodium-bentonite-sheets\/approfondimento\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Further details - Pro-Seal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[vc_row row_type=&#8221;row_full_center_content&#8221;][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;THE PROBLEM&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h2|text_align:left|color:%2300a6cd&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221;][vc_column_text]The waterproofing of underground structures represents a significant problem in the field of foundation engineering. 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